23: A Certain Smile (1958)

This song puts up a front.

Composer Sammy Fain and lyricist Paul Francis Webster wrote this winsome, Academy Award-nominated song for Jean Negulesco’s A Certain Smile (1958) – a sweeping cinematic adaptation of Françoise Sagan’s uncompromising novella about love, sex and infidelity. Critics at the time found the film’s treatment of Sagan’s story to be average at best: a “glossy, emotional yarn” (Variety), a “tepid romantic interlude” (New York Times). The song has been infrequently recorded since the 1970s.

No-one:

Me: ‘A Certain Smile’ is integral – INTEGRAL – to A Certain Smile‘s re-articulation of Sagan’s book as a melodramatic touristic visual feast – yes, and in case you imagine this is a situation of FILM = BAD, BOOK = GOOD, the last of those is an aspect that weirdly resonates with Sagan’s own literary style, which makes much of staging things to look at!* Plus, existentialist cynic Sagan wrote romantic song lyrics for Juliette Greco?!**

NB. “no-one” meme format for me still fresh as daisy because not on Twitter and this too probably. Anyway, let’s get into it.

‘A Certain Smile’ has been a rabbit hole to fall down. Back in the spring, Spotify gave me Ted Greene’s 1977 night sky of a solo recording. Confusion descended: did I know the song already, or was this sparkling arrangement enchanting me into thinking I did? (Martin Taylor’s intensely beautiful 1993 solo guitar rendition did similar magic.) I listened to the inaugural 1958 recording by Johnny Mathiswho performs the song with verse in a nightclub set piece in the film – and was still none the wiser. I couldn’t decide if it was the sing-song pattern of the melody that felt familiar, or the song itself. When I asked my mum about ‘A Certain Smile’, she knew it immediately, lyrics and all. From the generational point of view, this makes sense: more than half of the vocal recordings to be released professionally were out by the late 1960s, with ten of those released in 1958. This smash hit – Mathis’ recording reached #4 in the UK – has been in the atmosphere for decades, with diminishing density over time.

The song’s apparent sweetness contrasts with Sagan’s A Certain Smile (1956) – a text that begins archly with an epigraph from Roger Vailland: Love is what happens between two people who love each other.

Dominique, in a relationship with fellow Sorbonne student Bertrand, tells the winding story of her short but unexpectedly emotionally shattering affair with Bertrand’s married uncle, Luc. For one critic reviewing the book in 1957, Sagan communicates the experience of “serene despair” with immaculate precision, featuring “none of the obsession with the details of external reality so common in her contemporaries: ‘and now I shall show you what Life is really like in Paris, Moscow or New York’, in attempts which finally show what? nothing”.

Paul Francis Webster’s lyrics, prepared for the film, are of a different order of business.

What do you meet down a crooked little street in Paris
Vendors who sell pretty flowers that tell of spring
Once in a while you may meet a certain smile in Paris
So excitingly gay that it seems to say ‘cherie, fall in love with me’

A certain smile, a certain face
Can lead an unsuspecting heart on a merry chase
A fleeting glance can say so many lovely things
Suddenly you know why my heart sings

You’ll love awhile and when love goes
You try to hide the tears inside with a cheerful pose
But in the hush of night exactly like a bittersweet refrain
Comes that certain smile to haunt your heart again

Set against a dramatic minor key, the verse’s clever internal rhymes and their fantasy of Paris resolve into the optimistic choruses, their rhyming couplets, and their protagonist, sharing the wisdom of their experience while presenting a brave exterior. It’s strangely labyrinthine in its temporal journey, and much more complicated than it first appears to be.

This isn’t unlike the movie – although I will say I found A Certain Smile to be a rough watch, at least first time around. It rearranges the essential components of Sagan’s book to produce a morality tale that visually “abounds with mouth-watering vistas of the French Riviera”. Characters bear only marginal resemblance to their sources: the ingénue (Christine Carère), her parents (Eduard Franz, Katherine Locke) in extended grief for the loss of their son, said ingénue’s feckless boyfriend (Bradford Dillman), his rich and selfish mother (Kathryn Givney), the playboy uncle (Rossano Brazzi), his long-suffering wife Françoise (Joan Fontaine), and a rogues’ gallery of assorted friends and associates. Dominique’s red beret amid the grey stone of the Sorbonne marks her out as a scarlet woman in the making. Her fate is confirmed when, soon after Luc hits on Dominique in a café-bar she has attended with Bertrand, Françoise airily offers Dominique a red coat during her visit to their home, declaring it “far too young for me” – misogynising, if you will, a more or less throwaway moment in the book, in which the couple extravagantly buy a coat “in a reddish woollen material” for their nephew’s new girlfriend in a shop.

‘A Certain Smile’ instrumentally underscores the beats of Dominique’s entire emotional arc, from her misguided entanglement with Luc to her rapprochement with Bertrand. So closely is the song woven into the fabric of the film that it’s almost imperceptible, smoothing the way for the romance’s compliance with the sanitising “shibboleths of the Production Code”.

As recounted in Michaelangelo Capua’s Jean Negulesco: The Life and Films (2017), here is how Sagan – whose text features extra-marital sex, pregnancy scares and so on – reacted to A Certain Smile‘s screenplay in a meeting with Negulesco in Paris:

I gave her an appointment in a café not too far from where we were shooting. She was sitting on the terrace eating a ham and cheese sandwich in the company of young man. I approached her a bit confused.

‘Miss Sagan?’
‘Yes.’
‘Excuse me, I’m Jean Negulesco. Have you read the script?’
‘Yes.’
‘Did you like it?’
‘No.’
‘Could you tell me why?’
‘No.’
‘Do you want to join me on the set?’
‘No.’
‘Would you allow me to pay for your sandwich?’
‘Yes.’

She then said to the young man: ‘It’s not him that pays, it’s 20th Century Fox.’

Despite Sagan’s understandable aversion to the film’s adaptation of her book, they end up at similar destinations. Rachel Cusk praises her “fearless and astute portrayal of love as a psychical event that has its roots in family life and the early formation of personality”. As I watched the film a second time, I realised that Dominique’s bizarre actions were imagined to hinge on the death of her brother and the consequences for her family, and that every character in their own way was struggling with loss. All three of these interconnected works – novella, film and song – are grappling with the depths of pain and its origins, though Sagan’s writing looks at them most directly and dispassionately.

*In both visual and psychological modes. A particularly economical example of narrative reflexivity from A Certain Smile‘s fourth chapter: “I couldn’t help feeling quite warm towards myself.” (p. 186)

**From a fascinating short biographical post entitled ‘That Charming Monster, Francoise Sagan’: “It is not widely known that Françoise Sagan dabbled in song writing, composing lyrics for romantic songs and even librettos for ballets. This aspect of her career came about when, at the age of twenty, haunting the bars and nightclubs of Saint Germain des Prés, she met the musician Michel Magne. Having already tried out over fifty lyricists for his songs, Magne thought Sagan’s style would be perfect. Her lyrics reflect a maturity beyond her years and lack the cynicism of her books. They are often about people wrestling with private pain and angst, deep into alcohol-fuelled nights. Vous mon Coeur (You my Heart) is a plea to a lover not leave: ‘You, my heart/You my life/You who smile/You who embrace me/You, one day…..will leave me, my heart.’”

12: I Only Have Eyes For You (1934)

This song is a fantasy.

Harry Warren and Al Dubin wrote ‘I Only Have Eyes For You’ for the movie Dames (1934), a satire on theatrical censorship featuring Busby Berkeley’s choreography. In context, the song is a sweet serenade given by budding Broadway composer and impresario Jimmy (Dick Powell) to his dancer girlfriend Barbara (Ruby Keeler). Their love story is a slight vehicle for Dubin’s intense lyrics. But thematically the song suits the film – a comedy of errors about gazing at beautiful actresses.

‘I Only Have Eyes For You’ asks how somebody smitten sees the world. Or rather, what they see. As the (very infrequently performed) verse has it, love is selectively ‘blind’, an ‘optical illusion’. The choruses describe how, to a person in love, all things – stars, gardens, crowded avenues – confusedly ‘disappear from view’. This feat is performed cinematically in Dames, which magically vanishes people from the street and the subway as Jimmy croons to Barbara.

The song’s massive recording history kind of reflects this disappearing act. There are plenty of straight ahead interpretations by jazz greats – Louis Armstrong’s story of gentle flirtation, Frank Sinatra’s confident seducer, Billie Holiday’s effervescent party-goer, coquettish Carmen McRae. Mary Wells gives a big Motown rendition, while Etta Jones swings languidly, weaving in Billie Holiday’s invented lyric ‘big, bulging eyes’ towards the end. But the haunting doo-wop recording made by The Flamingos in 1959, exquisitely arranged by band member Terry Johnson, has influenced so many others that it almost comes to substitute for the original.

‘My love must be a kind of blind love’, it begins. ‘I can’t see anyone but you.’ Having collaged these two lines from the verse to the top, this version then unfolds the choruses. Its mesmerising sound suggests being underwater, at the top of a mountain, inside a cathedral of ice. But its defining aesthetic characteristic is the cold – which sort of makes sense of the really odd apres-ski mise-en-scene of The Flamingos’ TV performance in the clip above. According to the YouTube poster, that edition of The Dick Clark Show was shot in the sticky New York heights of July.

There are also plenty of recordings that are simple covers of The Flamingos’ version – from Boyz II Men’s to Tashaki Miyaki’s – while others, like Catherine Russell’s, draw momentarily on its variation of the melody. Liane Carroll’s fierce shuffle funk interpretation is absolutely stunning. Differently captivating is Oneohtrix Point Never’s hypnotic composition, which seems to bring an android into conversation with a sinister gang of monks.

For ‘I Only Have Eyes For You’, one of the finest episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003), The Flamingos’ version is pretext for and backdrop to its story.

The spirit of James Stanley, class of Sunnydale 1955, is stalking the school’s halls. He is compulsively re-enacting the night when, crazed with controlling grief, he shot teacher and ex-lover Grace Newman. Both spirits are possessing current students, caretakers and teachers, almost always resulting in a death. Buffy correctly and angrily surmises that he wants forgiveness, a recognition based on her own recent catastrophe: sex with her boyfriend Angel, which transformed him back into murderous vampire Angelus, who then promptly killed her watcher Giles’ beloved partner, teacher and Clan Kalderash member Jenny Calendar.

James calls Buffy to the school by night, where she finds Angelus lurking. They become surrogates in James and Grace’s unhappy story, which uncannily echoes their own.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM2eLr9nIsM

Following these events, Buffy, in shock, places the ethereal Flamingos’ record on a turntable, and gazes into a mirror, where she sees James’ reflection look back at her. But embodying Grace, Angelus’s vampiric undeadness allows both stories to be resolved. Instead of falling for the umpteenth time over the school’s balcony to her death, Grace/Angel returns, declaring love for James/Buffy and the shooting (sexual metaphor alert) an accident, releasing them both.

(Historical accuracy quibble: why not make James class of 1959? The answer is probably Back To The Future (1985). I mean, ok. But come on.)

In this phenomenal episode, ‘I Only Have Eyes For You’ means obsession, grief, not-seeing, the same scene playing out across different bodies. Though different in kind, it shares spooky parallels with the song’s appearances in Dames.

First, Jimmy serenades Barbara on the Staten Island ferry, the Statue of Liberty in the background. Couples coo around them. Love is heteronormative sequence and sameness.

Later, extending the scene of Jimmy’s flight of fancy on the subway train, in which ads bearing women’s faces blend into Barbara’s, Busby Berkeley’s spectacular choreography presents a proliferation of Barbaras, suggesting women as interchangeable commodities, everywhere different but the same. As Lucy Fischer brilliantly puts it, the doppelganger girls’ ‘aimless, repetitive movement‘ embodies a kind of ‘zombiism‘.

The end of the Buffy episode sets all these stagings of surrogacy off. Buffy tentatively ventures to Giles: ‘part of me just doesn’t understand why she would forgive him’. Her sideways look of guilt reveals that really she is asking why Giles would forgive her. Anthony Stewart Head’s delivery of Giles’ patient response ‘does it matter?’ is magnificent. Anger, pain and loss commingle and dissolve in his performance. The scene evokes a unique unconditional love, but equally, how different stories of love can bear a resemblance.

Laura Mvula on screen

Watching Laura Mvula headline Love Supreme at the Roundhouse last night, I remembered this text sitting lonely on my computer, which I wrote the day after attending the 5 March 2015 cinema broadcast of her performance with Metropole Orkest, recorded at Paradiso Amsterdam on 28 November 2014.

At Screen 5 of the Ritzy in Brixton, the usher confirmed in a whisper that the screening of Laura Mvula’s gig hadn’t started yet (‘they are still doing the interviews’) and held open the door. The cinema was two-thirds empty and unusually chilly. Laura Mvula was on-screen in conversation with a male interviewer, responding to tweets coming in about the broadcast of the gig, displayed at the bottom of the screen. The interviewer advised the audience – the audience to their interview, wherever it was, and us, witnessing their exchange live – that we may have to pretend at various points that we have something in our eye, such was the emotive impact of what we were about to see.

Eating popcorn, I was curious. The camera filming the interview from the back of the venue suggested that the auditorium to which the artist was speaking was disappointingly half-empty – an image counterbalanced by a later view from the front, which showed row upon row filled with people. This, in combination with our own sparsely populated and cold auditorium, felt like something of an opening anticlimax.

The recorded gig itself begins with the conductor Jules Buckley entering the stage of the Paradiso in Amsterdam. The venue is a former church, and intricate blue stained-glass windows adorn the wall behind the orchestra. A gallery level rests on top of corniced pillars – an architectural arrangement smaller but not dissimilar in shape to the Palau Música de Catalana in Barcelona where I’d seen a slightly odd performance by Aloe Blacc the previous summer, which had concluded with the audience being encouraged to rush the stage while the artist slipped away. The cameras filming the gig reveal that the auditorium is heaving. The ensemble of more than fifty musicians is packed onto the stage, a choir standing beneath the gallery stage left, and three backing singers positioned downstage right. Jules Buckley makes a cheesy Jaws reference in relation to the sell-out gig (‘we’re going to need a bigger boat!’) and warmly introduces the Metropole Orkest, before welcoming Laura Mvula herself onto the stage.

She walks into the auditorium through a door to the left of the front of the audience, passing amongst people standing to ascend the shallow stage. In March 2015, Laura Mvula has a shaven head, and wears a long white jacket and black top. In November 2014, her afro and peach nylon dress, long sleeves draping down, speak of the 1970s. When she stretches her right arm towards the audience as if in supplication – a gesture she will make frequently during her performance – her sleeve punctuates the movement. At first, she doesn’t speak except to say ‘thank you’.

Laura Mvula

The performance is revelatory. The rich orchestration lends a new dimension to the songs, which now tell stories that are different to those of the intimate arrangements on Sing to the Moon (2013), on which the gig is based. The first number, ‘Like the Morning Dew’, describes the insubstantiality of a relationship: ‘Our love is / Like the morning clouds / Like the morning dew / That goes away / Early.’ The expansiveness of the arrangement envelops the voice of the soloist, speaking of the disappearance of the world that the song’s protagonist thought was there. Its resonant universe conjures imaginative flight, fantasy, and a strange kind of optimistic sadness about the flimsiness of that imagined world. ‘She’ describes a woman’s quest for intimacy, the lyric ‘she don’t stop / she don’t stop / she don’t stop’ underscored by percussion, giving the impression of a relentless progression forward. As she sings, her movement alludes to walking a path, although of course, standing on the spot, she goes nowhere. Whether the intended meaning or not, as she performs ‘Is There Anybody Out There?’ I think of how precious life must feel to someone facing death: ‘Is this the end / Before it’s even started / I can’t survive this way / I’m broken-hearted.’ The improvisation of the lead vocalist over the chorus constructs both a sense of internal dialogue and a conversation between people. As in the original arrangement, the tumbling strings give way to a dissonant passage, and the sensation of floating in space.

Laura Mvula 3

With ‘Father Father’, I recognize what the interviewer meant. Seated at the piano, she introduces the song by acknowledging Jules Buckley’s new arrangement for the orchestra (‘it’s better’). The purity of the brass at the start of the song seems to refer perfectly and incongruously to Vaughan Williams and Elgar. As she sings ‘I lost my heart / In the dark with you’, its attack is brutal. The texture of the song builds with the introduction of strings, piano, and timpani, creating an almost meteorological landscape of sound. Then, the song continues for as long again, with her beautiful improvisation around the lyrics ‘Father father / Please don’t let me go / Father father / Why’d you let me go’ as the music swells around her. Her gaze directed at no-one in particular, she speaks to herself, to the audience, to God. I now hear the song as the tragedy of the loss of faith, and wonder whether all of the songs in the concert are in some way circling that idea.

Laura Mvula 2

Huddled beneath my coat in the cold cinema, I moved in and out of absorption in the gig, fascinated by the technical execution of the music producing such intense emotional effects in the audience, occasionally feeling tears spring in my own eyes and roll down the side of my face. A large gathering of musicians had met an audience of 1,500, met in turn later by a much more disparately spread audience, watching silently in cinemas as the first audience clapped and cheered. At the end of each number, her face would wrinkle into a huge smile, puncturing the emotional world of the songs and reasserting the humour of the everyday.

The gig finished with an encore performance of ‘Make Me Lovely’.

Towards its end she said: ‘I just want to thank you all for being the most wonderful audience, ever’. At this, I smiled, feeling warmth toward this past audience but not feeling myself a part of it. Having concluded, the recorded concert was then unexpectedly followed up by a live performance from Laura Mvula in the venue of the interview, performing solo on a keyboard. It was unexpected, it seemed, to everyone – the screen showed a couple of audience members caught short attempting to get up. The much more minimal rendition of three of the numbers she had performed exposed again the texture of the orchestral arrangements, and the controlled power of her voice. Strangely, this live performance felt intimate, just for us, despite the ‘us’ being scattered in cinemas across the country. When she finished this reprise, she smiled, and said ‘thank you for coming’ again. In the Ritzy, the credits rolled silently, and no-one moved.